Driverless Metro Train With Obstacle Detector Engineering Essay

Driver slight Metro Train With Obstacle Detector engineering EssayINTRODUCTIONThis leap out is designed to picture the technology utilise in driver less tube-shaped structure distinguish grow. This technology is the future of the metro train. This train give be equipped with the micro get overler as the CPU, Sensors, Displays, and repulses. These trains depart be designed for fol firsting the peculiar(prenominal) path. This microcontroller impart be programmed such that gate opens and close automatically when the train reaches its station. This microcontroller go forth be programmed for a specific path so that it knows the blank space between cardinal stations. It also opens the verge when train reaches the station for a certain time and then closes. as well if the train is fol depresseding its path and in bet of train an blockage is detected the demodulator will sense the barricade from a safer distance so that the train whoremonger be stopped before accident.I n this fox we ar using the same pattern described above. here(predicate) we are using AT89S52 microcontroller as a CPU. One maltreatper go is utilize for the train so that it sight travel between the stations. Second, force back is apply for the limen open and close. For queering the number of station and emergency nitty-gritty we are using 2 line liquid crystal display presentations. here the train is designed for ten stations numbered 1 to 10. LCD is employ to display the pith as station number reached. Also buzzer is apply as a sound indicator of emergency alarm and door open. Sensor is used to detect the obstacle in front of the train. When the obstacle is detected the buzzer will sound , all the repels stop, and message will be displayed on the LCD. When the obstacle is removed the train will once again start moving on its path.The train equipped with microcontroller controlsLCDL293D motor madcap ICPIR sensor ships bellLedLIST OF COMPONENTS1 IC 8051 MC (AT8 9S52) 12 IC L293D 13 Transformer (120 V to 12V) 14 Voltage Regulator 7806 15 Voltage Regulator 7812 16 2 X16 LCD display 17 Stepper Motor 28 quartz Oscillator (11.0592 MHz) 29 Switch 110 LED 111 Resistors (1k,10k,8.2k,18 SIP10k)- pack of each12 Capacitors(22pf,10uf,1mf,10nf) pack of each13 Diode IN4007 414 Buzzer 115 junction junction transistor (5474A) 116 PIR 1WORKING OF work outDriver less metro train project is typically based on microcontroller. Where microcontroller used as a CPU is controlling the entire circuit. The micro IC is programmed to follow the sequence of bid or interrupts generated during the whole operation. The whole project circuit is divided into different parts so that it is easy to understand and debug. The main parts areMain microcontroller circuitL293D motor driving circuit cause furnish circuitLCD circuitPIR sensor circuitThese four parts are committed to defineher to make the whole project functional.BLOCK DIAGRAM conductPOWER tackMI CRO8051L293DICMOTORSENSORPIRLCD 2X16BUZZER tour DESIGN(MULTISIM DESIGN, ULTIBOARD DESIGN)POWER SUPPLYFor explaining the working of the project firstly we explain the architecture of the violence supply. For this project we need the billet supply that stack convert 120V to 12V and 6 V. the main components used in the power supply areDC POWER SUPPLLYTransformer (120V to 12V Step down, 0.5Amp)IN4007 diodes machine-accessible I bridgework shapeVoltage regulator 7806 and 7812Capacitor (1uf,10 nf)Resistor (10 kohm)The 120 volts is step down by 12 volts by transformer. Then this 12V is rectified by the bridge rectifier made up of diodes. This bridge rectifier is used to provide DC voltage. Then the 12V is regulated by 7806 to 6V and 7812 to 12V. 1 micro farad capacitance is used to filter the pulsating DC voltage in order to get the refined DC. present 6V is given to the microcontroller circuit. Other, 12V is given to the motor driving circuit. Here Voltage regulator is used so th at no fluctuation occurs in order to get constant voltage. The LED attaches to check the correctness of power supply.PIR SENSORPIR stands for Passive infrared sensor which detects the motion of the obstacle in front of the train. Its entrap 1 is affiliated to the VCC, signal flag 3 connected to the ground and tholepin 2 is connected to the base 0 of the transistor. The fruit of the sensor is promptive uplifted which is given to the base of the transistor. This transistor act like a not gate and convert active high gossip to active low production of the transistor make. The collector of the transistor is connected to the microcontroller expression 3.0. Resistance is connected to the base of the transistor to embarrass overflow of the current. The output of the PIR sensor is digital. When PIR sensor senses the obstacle in front of the it sends active low input through transistor to the microcontroller as a interrupt. When microcontroller gets this interrupt the programming in the microcontroller stops all the motor convey the train to stop. Also the conduct will glow and buzzer will sound showing the presence of obstacle.LCD MODULEIn our project we are using 2 line and 16 digit LCD display. This lcd has 16 pins. It is connected as a parallel port to the microcontroller. Here we are using 14 pins two pins are not being used. Out of these 14 pins, 8 pins are used for information lines to communicate with the microcontroller. These 8 pins are connected to the port 2.0 to port 2.7 of the microcontroller. When the message is to be displayed by the microcontroller it is transferred through these data pins. Here data bit D7 is used for showing the quick message. When D7=1 the LCD is worry and when it is D7=0 than it is not. RW, EN, and RD are connected to the port 3 pins P3.5 to P3.7. EN pin is used to detect the high to low pulse. RS=1 is used for register take up that is data register to display data coming from microcontroller and RS=0 govern reg ister to get command from microcontroller like clrscr. For data register RS =1 and for command register RS=0. For RW we have R=1 and W=0. VCC pin is connected to 5V power supply, GND pin is connected to ground. CV pin is connected to potentiometer which is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD.MOTOR DRIVING ropeThe motor driving circuit depends upon the output of the microcontroller. 2 motors are connected to L293D IC. This IC is used separately to drive motor because the microcontroller voltage is low to drive the motors. L293D act as a amplifier for driving the motor. Here the output of the IC is same as the input the difference is just that the input voltage is amplified. Two motors are connected to the output of the IC. This L293D IC notify rotate motor in either direction. L293D is connected to the port0 of the microcontroller through drag up resistor. In the staring twain the motor are in off state. Each motor has two pins that are connected to the IC. Here instead of usi ng both motor we are using CD tray motor that will act like a gate which will open when it get open command from microcontroller and close with the close command. we are using stepper motor that is a electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts electrical pulses into crotchety shaft rotations. This rotation is directly related to the number of pulses. This motor weed be operated in forward/reverse with controllable speed from a microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. This stepper motor is a (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per step. Phase resistance (Ohms) 75 Current (mA) 150 Phase Inductance (mH) 39 Detent tortuosity (g-cm) 80 Holding Torque (g-cm) 600 Mounting hole space colored (in.) 1.73 Mounting hole (in.) 0.11 Shaft diameter (in.) 0.197 Shaft length (in.) 0.43 Motor Diameter (in.) 1.66 Motor height (in.) 1.35 Weight 0.55 lbs.BUZZERCUsersAdminDesktopimages (1).jpgIn this project buzzer is used as a alarm indicator. Buzzer has 2 pins its positive is connected to the supply voltage and negative pin is connected to microcontroller at port 1 pin p1.0. Buzzer will sound when it receive 0 from the microcontroller and stop when it receive 1 from P1.0. This buzzer will sound when the train reaches the station and also in font of emergency when obstacle is detected.AT89S52CUsersAdminDesktopAT89S52-MICROCONTROLLER-configuration.jpgThe AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The bend is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and appea l-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog horologe, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a respectable duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logical system for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. In this microcontroller 11.0592 crystal oscillator is used to produce clock pulses for the microcontroller functioning. These clock pulses are used for R/W cycle. 2 ceramic optical condenser of 22pf are used to provide pure pulse to the microcontroller. A combination of resistance 10 kilo ohm and capacitor of 10uf are used to provide reset circuitry. When we provide power to microcontroller it should be reset for some time. The reset time is given by t= 1.1*R*C. This reset circuitry is connected to port 1 reset pin this circuit can be manually reset using vary which is also connected to the reset pin. Interrupt pin INTO is connected to the output of the transistor which gives active low input as a interrupt. interface 0 is connected to 18 (10 kohm) SIP resistors to provide the external get around up. Port is used for the output to the motor driver circuit. Port 2 is connected to the LCD module.TROUBLESHOOT1-Care should be taken while choosing the components with proper rating.2- Power supply should maintain preventing short circuit.3- Project should be hand conduct with care since IC is delicate.4- Project circuit should be simple so that it is to debug.5-Etching and drilling holes should be done carefully.6-Soldering should be done with proper precautionAdvantages1-Lower using up for ply .However, service and security personne l is common in automated systems.2-Trains can be shorter and instead run more frequently without increasing expenditure for staff.3-Service frequency can easily be adjusted to meet fulminant unexpected demands..4-Intruder detection systems can be more effective than military personnel in stopping trains if someone is on the tracks.5-Financial savings in both energy and wear-and-tear costs because trains are driven to an optimum specification.FUTURE groundThis project will be useful for the metro trains. This is very low cost project that can be help full in operating the train without driver. One can operate the train from removed distance. It will also be beneficial for the developing countries decreasing the cost of labors. Also the station information and emergency will also be displayed to the passengers. It will going to increase the technology trends. This is just a pillage to start this project there is a lot of improvement can be done in this projectAPPENDIXCODING FOR P ROJECTinclude waste delay(unsigned int) fend off lcdcmd(unsigned combust)void lcddata(unsigned char)void lcdready()void welcome()void obstacle()void station()void gate()sfr ldata = 0xA0sbit rs = P37sbit rw = P36sbit en = P35sbit busy = P27sbit m11 = P00sbit m12 = P01sbit m21 = P02sbit m22 = P03sbit alarm = P10sbit led = P11void ad(void) interrupt 0P0 = 0x00alarm = 0obstacle()void main(void)IT0 = 0 // Configure interrupt 0 for falling beach on /INT0 (P3.2)EX0 = 1 // Enable EX0 InterruptEA = 1 // Enable spheric Interrupt FlagP0 = 0x00alarm = 1led = 1m11 = m12 = m21 = m22 = 0lcdcmd(0x38)lcdcmd(0x0E)lcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x06)lcdcmd(0x81)while(1)welcome()station()lcddata(1)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(2)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(3)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(4)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(5)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata( 6)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(7)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(8)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(9)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(1)lcddata(0)led = 0 gate()led = 1void gate()m21 = 1m22 = 0delay(200)m21 = m22 = 0delay(300)m21 = 0m22 = 1delay(200)m21 = m22 = 0void welcome()unsigned char proj1 = Metro fulminateunsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x83)for(z = 0 z lcddata(proj1z)delay(200)void obstacle()unsigned char obs1 = Obstacleunsigned char obs2 = Detectedunsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x84)for(z = 0 z lcddata(obs1z)delay(100)lcdcmd(0xC4)for(z = 0 z lcddata(obs2z)void station()unsigned char st = Station unsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x83)for(z = 0 z lcddata(stz)void delay(unsigned int itime)unsigned int i,jfor(i=0ifor(j=0jvoid lcdcmd(unsigned char value)lcdready()ldata = valuers = 0rw = 0en = 1delay(1)en = 0returnvoid lcddata(unsigned char value)lcdread y()ldata = valuers = 1rw = 0en = 1delay(1)en = 0returnvoid lcdready()busy = 1rs = 0rw = 1while(busy == 1)en = 0delay(1)en = 1return