Skill Acquisition And Movement Control Physical Education Essay

Skill accomplishment And Movement Control Physical Education EssayThe object of this idea is to describe the proccesses on which an jock applies proccesing models, and develop those models for selection of selected sports eruditions. Skills ar difined as an athletic ability to choose the ripe technique at the right time, and succefully reproduce that dexterity with ease and cosistancy. Motor adroitness training is an alive(p) dish up, interrelated with cognition.Skill concepts atomic number 18 aspects of cognitive concept accomplishment in physical education that focus on study the way the automobile trunk should move while performing push back attainments (G all in allahue Cleland, 2003). Skill is a persons peak of compitence in dealing with an action using internal and external input signal to pass on a object. Connolly and Brunner (1974) describe achievement as indiviuals ability to consitently achieve a goal(s) under a wide variety of conditions. Motor skil ls learning occurs in three stagesThe cognitive stage This stage is characterised by the efforts of the disciple to take the line of work. In motor skills this is the stage of plan formation. A large(p) deal of concentration and effort is required.Associative stage During this stage the apprentice approaches maximum efficiency and the qualities of the task be refined.Autonomous stage The task is performed with little, if any, conscious watch. Performance becomes logical.Motor programmes like restitution, realmial restitution and substition are linked to the brain where the cognitive proccess interact with the controller (central nervous administration), assist figure 1.These motor programmes contain all the information required to enlighten a drift Which muscles that are to be to theatrical role.The order in which muscles are used to be used.The phasing and degree of contraction of muscles that will be used.skill aquisition chart fig1a.bmp consider 1. A closed loop ce ntral system adapted from (Kelso, 1982, Adams, 1971).For instance the example of kicking a football which is inline with the relocation in this make-up. Skills are aquired over time, it is belived that a professional supporter at the top of their sport would of trianed over 10,000 hours, to achieve the level of skill demand to compete at elect(ip) level for thier particular sport. Williams and Hodge (2004) outlines this saying The pratcice explanation profiles of experts in a variety of sports suggests that an investment of over 10,000 hours of pratice is requires to reach elite levels of performance.The proccess of learning demands insight into the task and selective attention to the pertinant sources of information deep bug out the person and within the environs .Learning is traditionally defined as the proccess that results in relatively permanent changes in behaviour brought about by experience. It implies a change so profound that we have truley altered our operating fri destructionship base. It also implies that we have access to and have benefited from information base and uninflected proccesses of the skill we have learned. We not only foundation perform the skill (ie, solve the line), and we can also apply the knowlege and control accured to succeeding(a) behaviour (Higgins. 1991).Development of a sports skill.Information summonsing model is base upon the followingInput is the information from the surrounding environment which the histrion or athlete is aware of and uses to decide on a responce. So the environment needed to maximise this for the imposter/athlete would be to intorduce this to everyday clear situations.Decision making refers to a combination of recognition, perception and memory. The player or athlete uses recognition, perception and memory to select an appropriate responce to the demands of the situation.Output is fit(p) by the responces made and the movement which inturn become inputs in which player/athletes perc ive the emergence of his or her responces thus becoming the basis for further decision making. A view of the information proccessing model and its complicated links can be seen in figure 2.information proccessing model.bmp. purpose 2. Information proccessing model.Transfer of learning skillsThe early stages of skill learning are charaterized by a racy degree of cognitive- concious invovlvement on the part ofthe learner in analyzing the motor problem or engaging in the task analysis (Higgins. 1991). The player/athlete is attempting to understand both what is expected and how to solve both the startagies and the principles of the movement, and how this is compati competent with the variables of the task. The player/athlete will not be able to engage in any motor skill behaviour until this proccess occurs.That is until the player/athlete understands the fuddleds annihilates relationship. The player/athlete is developing a totally complementary system for understand the problem. He or she must learn to meaningfully organize all behaviours that support the intricatley interwined information gathering and preformatory aspects of the task. At the same time, the learners performance is special by his or her current knowledge and currently available organizational capacities (Higgins. 1991).The problem for the learner is to understand the nature of the motor problem to be solved so that a coordinated designing of specfic movement can occurrs. So the main goal of the first phase of learning is to cite a relationship amid the task variable and the movement required. The player/athlete now has to learn movement that is broken down into segement for learning with a goal in mind being the means end relationship.As the condition, they are responsible for teaching new skills and movements to players/athletes or up their existing skill and movement levels. Learning these skills and movements is made simple if certain(a) stargatgies as a coach are adopted in how the skill and movement are taught. The three approaches are expalined as followsWhole serve is the ideal situation a skill movement should be taught as a entire. The player/athlete can wherefore appreciate the fat movement and execution of the skill. This whole method can sometimes mean the player having to handle conglomerate movements e.g. executing a shot on goal. grapheme Instruction is When a skill is complex (a sequence of move like the cruyff turn or the Beardsley shuffle), then it is more appropriate to sectionalization the complex movement into its elements. The elements can then be taught separately and then linked together to develop the final skill.Focusing on the mechanics of the movement. When part instruction is used it is important that the player/athlete is demonstrated the whole skill so that they can appreciate the end product (means- end relationship) and understand how the set of parts will develop the skill.Whole Part Whole Instruction a combination o f the two where the learning process becomes a more interative cycle try the whole skill, break down in elements and train these. Finally, bringing it all back together over again as unrivalled complete skill and movement.The patricular skill and movement that this paper will focus on is the components of kicking a football. Breaking the skill and movement down in to segements will help the palyer athlete understand the all variables within the skill/movement and the means-end relationship.Kicking is a complex motor task which we learn as children. The player/athletes kicking skill develops rapidly between the ages of four and six, and by the age of nine the pattern is mature it does not develop further (Barfield, 1998). Acquring mature patterns of fundamental movement skills during early childhood is necessary for succesful participation in games and sport (Rink, 2002). Figure 3 shows how the particular movement of the kick is broken down at this early stage of learning.kick2.bm pFigure 3. The componets of the kick adapted from (Barfield, 1998).The ultimate goal of breaking the skill/movement down is to effect change in the behaviour of the player/athlete. The most common biomechanical difference between the elite and novice footballer is that elite footballers use a refined and consistent movement pattern where novices use a variable and inconsistent one (Phillips, 1985).If the componets are broken down further to what muscles perform and which actions they perfom, it becomes clear that movements originated from the control centres as described on p.3 and that motor programmes are linked with the retentivity of this information to repeat the same movement in the future. Figure 4 shows the break down of the body part, the muscle and actions they perform.Body Part brawnActionTrunkAbdominals, psoas major,erector spinae and spinalPostural muscles.Stabilisation of rotation to the right. effective HipGluteus maximus andHamstring group.Extension.Left HipGluteus med, gluteal muscle min,hamstring group and adductorMagnus.External rotation and eccentric extension. aright KneeHamstring group and popliteus.Flexion.Left KneeQuadriceps group. unmatched extension.Right Ankleplantar flexors.Plantar flexion.Left AnklePlantar flexors.Eccentric plantar flexion.Left ShoulderMiddle and anterior simpleand supraspinatus.Abduction.Figure 4. The muscular action during kicking preparation (right-footed kick), adapted from (Barfield, 1998). some Players/athletes need superfluous input from visual stimulation, in the use of tv play back of the movements they have performed. This enables them to break down an analyse their movements in a third person perspective (looking on as the coach sees it). This then enables the player/athlete to then adjust to the slightest millimeter, making the acquisition of that movement or skill more refined. Thus installing a new motor programme for that particular movement. Other players/ athletes use literal language as add itional stimulus in the form of neglect and propmts to change the movement. In additon some players/athletes use both as additional stimulus, other stimuli can come from intrumental learning. This proccess installs variables on how players/athlete respond to the stimulus from the caoch and the environment nearly them.Instrumental learning is also called operant teach and based on rewards and punishments in order to strengthening the responses that lead to overbearing outcomes and the avoidance of negative outcomes. For example if a player/athlete is priased for achiveing a certain movement then they will be more potential to attain that movment. So in theory prasing the athlete for correct institutionalise encourages them to consistanly perform the variables and movement more efficent.Instrumental conditioning is of the opinion children whitethorn have attitudes about topics they do not fully understand (e.g., tactics,managaement), but they may hold similar attitudes as their a dults counterparts up until thier teen course of study In their later teens. Subsequently, teens begin to evaluate attitudes and views independent of parents attitudes and views. So in the terms that they say they cannot complete the gaol or task, it may be the fact that they do not wish to complete the goal or task as they know they may already be able to acheive the task. See figure 5 for a model of instrumental conditioning.Figure 5. Model of Instrumental ConditioningInstrumental Conditioning involves three samara elements, these area responsean outcome (the reinforcer)a relation, or contingency, between the R and OThe Instrumental Response is usually an arbitrary motor response and there are limits on the types of responses that can be modified by instrumental conditioning relevance, or belongingness, is an issue in instrumental conditioning as well as in Pavlovian conditioning. endingCognitive and motor proccess are at the essence of learning, their complex structures and pro ccess part with the player/athlete to store cognitive and motor programmes for the future. Skills and movement are repeated through cloosed loops and information processes. A skill developed during the process of learning, behaviour tends to develop efficiency. That is, there is a tendancy towards consistent application of underlying set of principles that are mechanically, environmentally and psychologically-morphologically derived and task specific (Higgins, 1991).These principles are sure observed as variant characteristics of movement. Movements are in essence strucutred around congnitive and motor programs. In turn motor skills are the ability to use movement as a problems solving tool. The demands met by this are organic within the tasks encountered by the player/athlete, and must be analyzed, understood and firm in a self referential fashion.

Driverless Metro Train With Obstacle Detector Engineering Essay

Driver slight Metro Train With Obstacle Detector engineering EssayINTRODUCTIONThis leap out is designed to picture the technology utilise in driver less tube-shaped structure distinguish grow. This technology is the future of the metro train. This train give be equipped with the micro get overler as the CPU, Sensors, Displays, and repulses. These trains depart be designed for fol firsting the peculiar(prenominal) path. This microcontroller impart be programmed such that gate opens and close automatically when the train reaches its station. This microcontroller go forth be programmed for a specific path so that it knows the blank space between cardinal stations. It also opens the verge when train reaches the station for a certain time and then closes. as well if the train is fol depresseding its path and in bet of train an blockage is detected the demodulator will sense the barricade from a safer distance so that the train whoremonger be stopped before accident.I n this fox we ar using the same pattern described above. here(predicate) we are using AT89S52 microcontroller as a CPU. One maltreatper go is utilize for the train so that it sight travel between the stations. Second, force back is apply for the limen open and close. For queering the number of station and emergency nitty-gritty we are using 2 line liquid crystal display presentations. here the train is designed for ten stations numbered 1 to 10. LCD is employ to display the pith as station number reached. Also buzzer is apply as a sound indicator of emergency alarm and door open. Sensor is used to detect the obstacle in front of the train. When the obstacle is detected the buzzer will sound , all the repels stop, and message will be displayed on the LCD. When the obstacle is removed the train will once again start moving on its path.The train equipped with microcontroller controlsLCDL293D motor madcap ICPIR sensor ships bellLedLIST OF COMPONENTS1 IC 8051 MC (AT8 9S52) 12 IC L293D 13 Transformer (120 V to 12V) 14 Voltage Regulator 7806 15 Voltage Regulator 7812 16 2 X16 LCD display 17 Stepper Motor 28 quartz Oscillator (11.0592 MHz) 29 Switch 110 LED 111 Resistors (1k,10k,8.2k,18 SIP10k)- pack of each12 Capacitors(22pf,10uf,1mf,10nf) pack of each13 Diode IN4007 414 Buzzer 115 junction junction transistor (5474A) 116 PIR 1WORKING OF work outDriver less metro train project is typically based on microcontroller. Where microcontroller used as a CPU is controlling the entire circuit. The micro IC is programmed to follow the sequence of bid or interrupts generated during the whole operation. The whole project circuit is divided into different parts so that it is easy to understand and debug. The main parts areMain microcontroller circuitL293D motor driving circuit cause furnish circuitLCD circuitPIR sensor circuitThese four parts are committed to defineher to make the whole project functional.BLOCK DIAGRAM conductPOWER tackMI CRO8051L293DICMOTORSENSORPIRLCD 2X16BUZZER tour DESIGN(MULTISIM DESIGN, ULTIBOARD DESIGN)POWER SUPPLYFor explaining the working of the project firstly we explain the architecture of the violence supply. For this project we need the billet supply that stack convert 120V to 12V and 6 V. the main components used in the power supply areDC POWER SUPPLLYTransformer (120V to 12V Step down, 0.5Amp)IN4007 diodes machine-accessible I bridgework shapeVoltage regulator 7806 and 7812Capacitor (1uf,10 nf)Resistor (10 kohm)The 120 volts is step down by 12 volts by transformer. Then this 12V is rectified by the bridge rectifier made up of diodes. This bridge rectifier is used to provide DC voltage. Then the 12V is regulated by 7806 to 6V and 7812 to 12V. 1 micro farad capacitance is used to filter the pulsating DC voltage in order to get the refined DC. present 6V is given to the microcontroller circuit. Other, 12V is given to the motor driving circuit. Here Voltage regulator is used so th at no fluctuation occurs in order to get constant voltage. The LED attaches to check the correctness of power supply.PIR SENSORPIR stands for Passive infrared sensor which detects the motion of the obstacle in front of the train. Its entrap 1 is affiliated to the VCC, signal flag 3 connected to the ground and tholepin 2 is connected to the base 0 of the transistor. The fruit of the sensor is promptive uplifted which is given to the base of the transistor. This transistor act like a not gate and convert active high gossip to active low production of the transistor make. The collector of the transistor is connected to the microcontroller expression 3.0. Resistance is connected to the base of the transistor to embarrass overflow of the current. The output of the PIR sensor is digital. When PIR sensor senses the obstacle in front of the it sends active low input through transistor to the microcontroller as a interrupt. When microcontroller gets this interrupt the programming in the microcontroller stops all the motor convey the train to stop. Also the conduct will glow and buzzer will sound showing the presence of obstacle.LCD MODULEIn our project we are using 2 line and 16 digit LCD display. This lcd has 16 pins. It is connected as a parallel port to the microcontroller. Here we are using 14 pins two pins are not being used. Out of these 14 pins, 8 pins are used for information lines to communicate with the microcontroller. These 8 pins are connected to the port 2.0 to port 2.7 of the microcontroller. When the message is to be displayed by the microcontroller it is transferred through these data pins. Here data bit D7 is used for showing the quick message. When D7=1 the LCD is worry and when it is D7=0 than it is not. RW, EN, and RD are connected to the port 3 pins P3.5 to P3.7. EN pin is used to detect the high to low pulse. RS=1 is used for register take up that is data register to display data coming from microcontroller and RS=0 govern reg ister to get command from microcontroller like clrscr. For data register RS =1 and for command register RS=0. For RW we have R=1 and W=0. VCC pin is connected to 5V power supply, GND pin is connected to ground. CV pin is connected to potentiometer which is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD.MOTOR DRIVING ropeThe motor driving circuit depends upon the output of the microcontroller. 2 motors are connected to L293D IC. This IC is used separately to drive motor because the microcontroller voltage is low to drive the motors. L293D act as a amplifier for driving the motor. Here the output of the IC is same as the input the difference is just that the input voltage is amplified. Two motors are connected to the output of the IC. This L293D IC notify rotate motor in either direction. L293D is connected to the port0 of the microcontroller through drag up resistor. In the staring twain the motor are in off state. Each motor has two pins that are connected to the IC. Here instead of usi ng both motor we are using CD tray motor that will act like a gate which will open when it get open command from microcontroller and close with the close command. we are using stepper motor that is a electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts electrical pulses into crotchety shaft rotations. This rotation is directly related to the number of pulses. This motor weed be operated in forward/reverse with controllable speed from a microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. This stepper motor is a (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per step. Phase resistance (Ohms) 75 Current (mA) 150 Phase Inductance (mH) 39 Detent tortuosity (g-cm) 80 Holding Torque (g-cm) 600 Mounting hole space colored (in.) 1.73 Mounting hole (in.) 0.11 Shaft diameter (in.) 0.197 Shaft length (in.) 0.43 Motor Diameter (in.) 1.66 Motor height (in.) 1.35 Weight 0.55 lbs.BUZZERCUsersAdminDesktopimages (1).jpgIn this project buzzer is used as a alarm indicator. Buzzer has 2 pins its positive is connected to the supply voltage and negative pin is connected to microcontroller at port 1 pin p1.0. Buzzer will sound when it receive 0 from the microcontroller and stop when it receive 1 from P1.0. This buzzer will sound when the train reaches the station and also in font of emergency when obstacle is detected.AT89S52CUsersAdminDesktopAT89S52-MICROCONTROLLER-configuration.jpgThe AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The bend is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and appea l-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog horologe, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a respectable duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logical system for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. In this microcontroller 11.0592 crystal oscillator is used to produce clock pulses for the microcontroller functioning. These clock pulses are used for R/W cycle. 2 ceramic optical condenser of 22pf are used to provide pure pulse to the microcontroller. A combination of resistance 10 kilo ohm and capacitor of 10uf are used to provide reset circuitry. When we provide power to microcontroller it should be reset for some time. The reset time is given by t= 1.1*R*C. This reset circuitry is connected to port 1 reset pin this circuit can be manually reset using vary which is also connected to the reset pin. Interrupt pin INTO is connected to the output of the transistor which gives active low input as a interrupt. interface 0 is connected to 18 (10 kohm) SIP resistors to provide the external get around up. Port is used for the output to the motor driver circuit. Port 2 is connected to the LCD module.TROUBLESHOOT1-Care should be taken while choosing the components with proper rating.2- Power supply should maintain preventing short circuit.3- Project should be hand conduct with care since IC is delicate.4- Project circuit should be simple so that it is to debug.5-Etching and drilling holes should be done carefully.6-Soldering should be done with proper precautionAdvantages1-Lower using up for ply .However, service and security personne l is common in automated systems.2-Trains can be shorter and instead run more frequently without increasing expenditure for staff.3-Service frequency can easily be adjusted to meet fulminant unexpected demands..4-Intruder detection systems can be more effective than military personnel in stopping trains if someone is on the tracks.5-Financial savings in both energy and wear-and-tear costs because trains are driven to an optimum specification.FUTURE groundThis project will be useful for the metro trains. This is very low cost project that can be help full in operating the train without driver. One can operate the train from removed distance. It will also be beneficial for the developing countries decreasing the cost of labors. Also the station information and emergency will also be displayed to the passengers. It will going to increase the technology trends. This is just a pillage to start this project there is a lot of improvement can be done in this projectAPPENDIXCODING FOR P ROJECTinclude waste delay(unsigned int) fend off lcdcmd(unsigned combust)void lcddata(unsigned char)void lcdready()void welcome()void obstacle()void station()void gate()sfr ldata = 0xA0sbit rs = P37sbit rw = P36sbit en = P35sbit busy = P27sbit m11 = P00sbit m12 = P01sbit m21 = P02sbit m22 = P03sbit alarm = P10sbit led = P11void ad(void) interrupt 0P0 = 0x00alarm = 0obstacle()void main(void)IT0 = 0 // Configure interrupt 0 for falling beach on /INT0 (P3.2)EX0 = 1 // Enable EX0 InterruptEA = 1 // Enable spheric Interrupt FlagP0 = 0x00alarm = 1led = 1m11 = m12 = m21 = m22 = 0lcdcmd(0x38)lcdcmd(0x0E)lcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x06)lcdcmd(0x81)while(1)welcome()station()lcddata(1)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(2)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(3)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(4)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(5)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata( 6)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(7)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(8)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(9)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(1)lcddata(0)led = 0 gate()led = 1void gate()m21 = 1m22 = 0delay(200)m21 = m22 = 0delay(300)m21 = 0m22 = 1delay(200)m21 = m22 = 0void welcome()unsigned char proj1 = Metro fulminateunsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x83)for(z = 0 z lcddata(proj1z)delay(200)void obstacle()unsigned char obs1 = Obstacleunsigned char obs2 = Detectedunsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x84)for(z = 0 z lcddata(obs1z)delay(100)lcdcmd(0xC4)for(z = 0 z lcddata(obs2z)void station()unsigned char st = Station unsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x83)for(z = 0 z lcddata(stz)void delay(unsigned int itime)unsigned int i,jfor(i=0ifor(j=0jvoid lcdcmd(unsigned char value)lcdready()ldata = valuers = 0rw = 0en = 1delay(1)en = 0returnvoid lcddata(unsigned char value)lcdread y()ldata = valuers = 1rw = 0en = 1delay(1)en = 0returnvoid lcdready()busy = 1rs = 0rw = 1while(busy == 1)en = 0delay(1)en = 1return

Creating a School Computer Lab

Creating a domesticate electronic figurer research research science laboratoryoratory2.1 IntroductionSchools suffer a substantial role in the development of the growing youth. maven way of doing so is the use of electronic computing machine to boost learning as we are in the technological era. In Bangladesh, given its status as a developing country, in that respect is a greater need to habilitate many schools with computer laboratories for children to have access in order to grow learning. Bangladesh Computer research lab Co, a nationally owned company specializing in installing computers for schools in the country has been engaged to build a computer lab for Dhaka Primary School in the capital city of Bangladesh under the final cause titled Dhaka Primary School Computer science lab Build bulge. This purpose is an initiative of the Government of Bangladesh through the Ministry of Education. alone the think is done by Jasmin Nahar and Janee Jamaludeen who are the vomit up managers of Bangladesh Computer lab Co. The main stakeholders to this hear are The Bangladesh Ministry of Education and the Dhaka Primary School Board of Governors working closely with the company to see this project through. The project is fully sponsored by the Government of Bangladesh valued at AUD 167,500.00 with a while of 3 months. Generally, this project is responding to Dhaka Primary Schools need for a computer lab to deliver its computer classes to enhance quality in genteelness for its students.2.2 count on Scope Statement Definition2.2.1 figure Scope descriptionThis project is guided by its project management plan that captures its project charter meeting all requirements after a close character reference with its stakeholders and very much in line with the existing organisational influence assets. The table below further provides information as part of the project scope statement. 2.2.2 show DeliverablesFinalized att kibosh DocumentationAll proje ct planning documents such as the scope management plan, project charter, requirements documentation and organizational project asserts are finalized.Finalized Lab DesignThe designing of the computer lab is finalized and approved for implementation.Installation of 50 background knowledge computers50 x desktop computers are installed at 25 per lab.2.2.3 jut ExclusionLab concernThe maintenance of the lab to meet minimal computer lab standards is the accountability of the administration of the school and its Board of Governors.Commissioning of the Computer LabThe charge of the computer lab is the responsibility of the schools Board of Governors.Development of the Computer Lab and Computer Usage PolicyThe development of the computer lab and computer usage policy is the responsibility of the schools administration.2.2.4 go for AssumptionsElectrical CapacityIt is expect that the buildings provided by the school will meet the electrical capacity including the cool down system requ ired for all the computers.Security and AccessoriesIt is assumed that all surety measures including fire protection are provided by the school and its Board of Governors.2.2.5 visualise ConstraintsLimited Time FrameThe project must be undefiled within 3 months with no provision for extension.Compliance Issues regarding procural workThe project must comply with the governments procurement process.Project Objectives LFM and KPIProject entitle Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab Build intention Dhaka Primary School has got a school computer lab that is of high quality that can elbow grease learning.Purpose Respond to the peal of building Dhaka Primary School Computer Lab to promote quality education.Objective To fully install 50 desktop computers in Dhaka Primary School.InputResponsibleOutputPerformance Indicators means of VerificationProject concern ( planning, Implementation Closure)Project ManagerFinalized Project training Documents-Existence of Project Management progra mme, Project take up, Requirements Documentations and Process Assets.-Project outcome breeds-Monitoring paygrade coversComputer Lab DesigningProject ManagerFinalized Computer Lab Design-Existence of a computer lab design.-Approved Lab DesignProject CommunicationProject ManagerEstablished Communication Managed Plan-Existence of a project communication management plan.-Complete Project Communication PlanLab CommissioningStakeholders (Dhaka Primary School Board of Governors and the Ministry of EducationCommissioned labs with affidavit-Existence of a Computer Lab Minimum Standards Report.-Certification Report-Project Commissioning ReportWork Breakdown Structure (WBS)WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE forge DHAKA PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPUTER LAB BUILD distance 3 MONTHSApr-17May-17Jun-17WBSTASKASSIGN TOWK1WK2WK3WK4WK1WK2WK3WK4WK1WK2WK3WK41Finalize Project Documents1.1Strategic Management PlanningProject handler1.2 conclusion of Project Management PlanProject Manager1.3 result of Project Charte rProject Manager1.4 end of Requirement DocumentationsProject Manager1.5 achievement of Process AssetsProject Manager1.6 favourable reception of Project Planning channelise committal2Finalize Lab Design2.1Designing the lab planProject Team2.2Approval of the Lab PlanProject Manager3Installation of 50 desktop computers3.1ProcurementProject Team3.2Licencing of all softwareProject Team3.3Lab minimum standards surveyProject Team3.4InstallationProject Team3.5examinationProject Team3.6Project Closure ReportProject DirectorWBS DictionaryWBSTASKDateSTART terminus1Finalize Project Documents1.1Strategic Management Planning01.04.1716.04.171.2 limit of Project Management Plan01.04.1716.04.171.3Completion of Project Charter01.04.1716.04.171.4Completion of Requirement Documentations01.04.1716.04.171.5Completion of Process Assets01.04.1716.04.171.6Approval of Project Planning10.04.1716.04.172Finalize Lab Design2.1Designing the lab plan17.04.1724.04.172.2Approval of the Lab Plan24.04.1730.04.173Inst allation of 50 desktop computers3.1Procurement01.05.1721.05.173.2Licencing of all software22.05.1728.05.173.3Lab minimum standards survey22.05.1728.05.173.4Installation29.05.1711.06.173.5 testing19.06.1725.06.173.6Project Closure Report26.06.1730.06.17Linear Responsibility Chart (LRC)natural processProject SponsorProject DirectorProject ManagerProject TeamSteering CommitteeStrategic Management PlanningSRCIACompletion of Project Management PlanIARISCompletion of Project CharterIARSICompletion of Requirement DocumentationsIARSICompletion of Process AssetsIARSIApproval of Project PlanningIRCSADesigning the lab planIARSIApproval of the Lab PlanIRCSAProcurementCARSILicencing of all softwareICASILab minimum standards surveyICASIInstallationIACRITestingIARSIProject Closure ReportARCSCR Means that the soul (or role) is responsible for creating the deliverable. (Usually there is only one person who is responsible for creating a deliverable, although many muckle may provide input.)A -Means that the person (or role) approves the deliverable.S Means that the person (or role) provides support toward the matters pertaining to the deliverable.I Means that the person (or role) who is kept informed on the deliverable.C Means that the person (or role) is consulted on matters pertaining to the deliverable.Budget Summary bodily processDescriptionCosting (AUD)AdministrativeGeneral Admin Overhead Costs including labour etc.$ 70,000.00Project Planning, Implementation Closure Strategic Management Planning. Completion of Project Management Plan Completion of Project Charter Completion of Requirement Documentations Completion of Process Assets Approval of Project Planning-Stakeholder/consultatory Meetings-Designing of lab plan-Approval of lab plan-Lab minimum standards survey-Installation-Testing-Monitoring inform-Project Closure Reports/Consultations/Meetings$ 90,000.00ProcurementPurchasing of 50 desktop computers Accessories-Purchasing of Software Licencesmixed$ 7,500.00To tal$167,500.00Communication PlanRoleReporting PurposeWhen to ReportStakeholdersMinistry of Education-Reporting to the Government of Bangladesh the start, implementation and closure of the project.After the start and end date of the project.Board of Governors-Reporting to Parents of the work up of the project.monthly Parental MeetingsSteering Committee-Management of the Project in consultation with the Project Director.Monthly-Report to the stakeholders status of the project.Monthly Scheduled MeetingsProject DirectorReporting to the Steering Committee on the Progress of the project.Monthly Scheduled MeetingsProject ManagerReport to the project director the operational status of the project.Bi-weekly Scheduled Meetings and open meetings on unbendable basis.Project TeamReporting on the project implementation progress to the Project ManagerOn Daily weekly basis and informal daily meetings on regular basis when need arises.Risk PlanningThe project sees the following as immediate risk s to the project and has identified mitigating factors to book of facts these risks.NoProject Immediate RisksMitigating Factors1Time LimitationsIdentify at early stages the critical pathway of the project, and focus on meeting deadlines.2Government Procurement Compliance ProcessMaintain effective dialog with stakeholders in the initial stages of the project and define the best approach to acquiring procurement issues solved.3Building not meeting minimum lab standardsConduct lab survey in the initial stages of the project to account areas of need, negotiate with the Board of Governors and resolve issues before installation is conducted.Project milepostCurrently the project sees the following as milestones that need to be achievedNoProject MilestoneAchievement Date1Project Planning Approvalsixteenth of April, 20172Computer Installation and Testingtwenty-fifth of June, 20173Project Closer Reportthirtieth of June, 2017Procurement PlanBelow is a summary of the project procurement plan and fully guided the companys procurement policy.Date of CompletionActivity/Item16th of April, 2017Development of the project procurement plan16th of April, 2017Approval of the procurement plan16th of April, 2017Identifying all expandable and non-expandable items for purchase16th of April, 2017 occasion Assert Registry14th of May, 2017Vendor Identification14th of May, 2017 supplying and Approval of Purchase Requests14th of May, 2017Preparation and Approval of Check Requisitionseighteenth of May, 2017Payment of Items and Materials (All expendable and non-expandable items including 50 x desktop computers and their accessories and software licencestwenty-first of May, 2017Confirming delivery against delivery notes21st of May, 2017Register all items30th of June, 2017Prepare registry for project closure

Rhetorical Analysis Of Native American Poverty Politics Essay

Rhetorical Analysis Of primaeval American Poverty Politics EssayDespite the alarming info workoutd to convince the contributor that the enlist of the subjective Americans in pauperisation is payable to giving medication neglect, inattention and lack of aid, tom Rodgers fails to succeed in his joust for much than support. This rhetorical analysis, using a number of sources volition counter Rodgers arguments that the government has failed to support and protect the essential Indian and volunteer more than than adequate aid for the success and betterment of this group of innate peoples.IntroductionDriving through virtually all autochthonic American reserve, one can see the indigence that this group faces. Despite the dishful of this culture and the sense of community, it is non an easy existence. Nowhere has the distance mingled with the feeds and concur-nots been more evident than on the innate reserves of North America. native Americans atomic number 18 su ffering from a dearth of jobs, high poverty rates, and trivial education. The poverty rate among essential Americans is 28.4%.For the acres as a whole, the alike rate was 15.3 percent (United States Census Bureau, 2011). With this poverty go for come the organic poor housing, inferior education, lack of jobs, poor health conditions, and host of early(a) occupations typically seen in struggling communities.The Bureau of Indian Affairs was effected to promote agricultural and economic development, provide health programs, affable operate and Native American schools. However, in recent years Native Americans nonplus begun actively protesting their dissatisfaction with the bureau and have accused the government of mismanaging the monies to be devoted to the tribes and directly contributing to the dire poverty on the reservations.In Tom Rodgers piece, he decl ars that Poverty is both the cause and consequence of all the ills visited upon Native Americans. Failure to address p overty causes deprivation and hardship in these communities today, and robs the abutting generation of any opportunity to succeed and thrive tomorrow (Rodgers, 2008). Rodgers, a Native American and member of the Blackfeet tribe, is an advocate who works on the behalf of tribal governments, and a previous congressional staffer to a senator. Rodgers has declared that Native Americans are living in untenable situations and that it is snip for the US government to make good on its promises of support. His piece goes on to say that although we have moved beyond wanton neglect and violence, our national response to the problem of poverty in Native American communities remains woefully wanting(predicate) (Rodgers, 2008). Rodgers tells us that Native Americans are some of the poorest in the entire nation and feels that support is take ined for basic services and that the United States, although one of the wealthiest nations of the world, has not adopted the United Nations proposal for adoption of the Declaration on the remedy of the Indigenous Peoples (Rodgers, 2008). Rodgers deems that there is a need to expand formal rights and a better federal performance. Essentially Rodgers decries the take of awareness and recognition of Americans and the need for more aid.While one would never suggest that historically the Native Americans did not lose much when they were stripped of their lands, one could submit that on-going government subsidies have perpetuated the cycle of poverty seen today on native reserves. In this piece, Rodgers neglects to show that funds given to tribes have been woefully mis exercised, fraudulently spent by the native councils, and have directly contributed to a world(a) decline. Government officials de sign many programs to alleviate conditions of desperation and poverty among Americas indigenous populations (Thompson, 2005). The result of Rodgers ignoring the fact that Native Americans have historically been one of the approximately fund ed groups in North America undermines his suggestion that more aid is the answer.Rodgers lights-out into our moral outrage and tries to evoke our sympathy using pathos by citing an example from 1862. In a time of starvation in a Dakota Sioux tribe, members were told, when the U.S. government failed provide the money owed to them by an Indian Agent, If they are hungry, permit them eat grass or their own dung (Rodgers, 2008). While anyone would deem that this is a most heinous situatement in response to uncontrolled starvation, it is taken from a statement made 152 years ago This is in no way a current sentiment, and just manages to underline Rodgers use of past transgressions to absolve natives from responsibility for the situation they are in today. This non sequitur, trance shocking, does nothing to explain the situation as it exists today and leaves the reader enquire if this substantiates or gives credence to any argument that natives are not swell funded and thereby negl ected by The US government. In fact, in a piece written by John Stossel, he maintains that Yes, the government signed treaties with the tribes that make Indians special. But that specialness has brought the Indian socialism. Its what keeps them dependent and poor (Stossel, 2011).Rodgers argues that it is the due to Native Americans for more aid. He reasons that ethically and historically it is their appointed right. Yet, it is fire to note that Africa, a nation amongst the poorest in the world, has adopted a raw tradition of trade not aid. On the Good African website it states, We stormily believe that Trade is the only viable strategy for Africas economic and social development. Africa has received over US$ 500 billion in forethought over the last 50 years and yet disrespect these enormous inflows, the continent remains mired in poverty, disease, and systemic corruption. There are many problems in using Aid as a fomite for development. This is because handouts have never been an effective way to achieve economic mutation (Good African, n.d.). The website explains that aid undermines independence, erodes accountability and leads to dependency on donors. Whoever can say they have pride in something they did not earn?Rodgers does not take the time in his article to examine the generations who have received aid, and why despite the monies received, this society has been seemingly irrevocably broken down. By only stating that more aid is needed, it does not address the reasons why, when tribes as virtual wards of the state, and who have a government that manages their land, provides their healthcare, and pays for housing and child care, still manages to have the highest poverty rate, almost 25 percent, and the lowest life expectancy of any group in America (Stossel, 2011). His part for the whole argument cannot stand when we see that composition Africas solution of no longer relying on aid seems counterintuitive, its working, while the bill of giving aid to the natives in North America is not. Socialism depart destroy America the same way it has destroyed the American Indian. If we are going to learn anything from the tribes and nations, it should be that the experiment has failed (American Indian Tea companionship Nation, 2010).Rodgers rally cry in his missive is his statement that The invisibility, silence, and neglect moldiness end (Rodgers, 2008). His belief that Native Americans have no recognition of their plight bears no witness. The article further expresses his wish that as Barack Obama ascends to the White House, promptly is the significant moment to address the many problems Native Americans endure, including systematic poverty (Rodgers, 2008). This provokes the reader to believe that there is simply no recognition of the problem at hand, however, if one reads John Stossels depiction of the treatment of North American Natives he debunks Rodgers statement with, The US government has helped no group more than it has hel ped the North American Indians. It stuns me when President Barack Obama appears before Indian groups and says things like, Few have been ignored by Washington for as long as Native Americans (Stossel, 2011). Clearly, the Native American issue has not only been recognized, it has been acknowledged by government as high as the President of the United States. To state that there is no awareness or recognition as Rodgers has make is a fallacy and one that falls flat as the reader realizes that Rodgers has not succeeded in his argument and in fact only magnifies the overplus of riches that the Native American has received by comparison of any other group of people in the United States.Tom Rodgers does manage to evoke thought and compassion in the Natives plight. It awakens the reader to become more informed in regards to the extreme poverty issues surrounding this group of peoples. Where he fails to convince the reader that society is basically ignorant to the issues, and would have us believe no aid is forthcoming, he would have bettered his argument by relying on facts rather than playing on our sympathies. No one would disown the problem, but perhaps this piece would have been better received if solutions were pitch forth, rather than blame. There is and has always been aid provided, the tribes have been recognized, and every level of government has conceded that there are problems which retain to perplex. Rather than divisive argument to what devolves into finger pointing, it would behoove us to be creative in our solutions and continue to work together despite Rodgers conviction of our current inaction.

Evaluating Coca Colas understanding of its Consumers Behaviour

Evaluating Coca Colas intellectual of its Consumers Behaviour1.0 IntroductionA consumer is a person who spots a make or desire, and in that locationfore looks for the best way to action his or her need either by secure or acquisition (Solomon et al, 2010). Consumer behaviour as defined by Solomon et al (2006) is the dish upes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs or desires. Customer retention is vital these age and organisations atomic subjugate 18 looking for the best way to please and satisfy the disport of their consumers. According to take (2009), the understanding of the buyers behaviour makes securities industrying strategies and plan exercise out favored. The Coca-Cola society is finespun draw assiduity that has been able to progress to its brand loyalty with its consumers over its divisions of operation, despite the highly agonistic securities industry (Euromo nitor, 2010). But this success would non move over been echtistic without understanding who the consumer is, what the consumer needs and how the consumer behaves. The Economic recession was a trying clipping for companies which guide to the closures of some and loss for majority, the soft drink industry is non an exception and Coca- cola which falls under the soft drink industry bequeath be analysed on how effective the management of their consumers was to in ensuring their survival in the recession.1.1 A brief summary of The Coca- Cola operationsThe Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) is the largest manufacturer, allocator and marketer of non alcoholic beverage, c erstwhilentrates and syrups in the world. Coca-cola has a portfolio of more(prenominal) than 3,300 beverages, from viands and secureness sparkling beverages to still beverages such as 100 percent proceeds juices and fruit drinks, waters, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees, and milk-and soy-establish beverages, whi ch ar now sold in more than 200 countries in the world. (Coca-cola, 2010).Coca- cola first got to Britain in the year 1900, subsequently Charles Candler brought a jug of syrup along on a shoot the breeze to England. Soon after, in the early 1920s, it went on sale at the capital of the get together Kingdom Coliseum and in Selfridges. Since then coca-cola Britain has come up with innovative soft drinks namely Coca-cola Diet light speed Coca-cola nada Sprite Sprite zero FantaFanta correct 5 Alive Schweppes Schweppes zero Powerade Powerade zero Kia ora Kia ora(no added sugar) Dr. rain cats and dogs Dr. Pepper zero Lilt Lilt Zero Oasis Oasis special light Glaceau vitamin water and Relentless. (Coca-cola, 2010) With about 4,650 employees, Coca-cola GB claims to have sold 228million cases in 2008.Pic. 1.1 The Coca-Cola Company Great Britain brandsAvailable on this link- http//www.coca-cola.co.uk/brands/1.2 An overview of the soft drink industry in Great BritainMintel (2010) stat ed that close to one-quarter of companies in the UK soft drinks market is growing at more than 10% per year. Some of the main players in the UK soft drink industry include Coca-cola, Pepsi cola UK, Tropical UK, nuzzle UK etc to mention but a few. The British Soft Drinks Associations 2010 UK Soft Drinks narration found that the overall market grew by 1.7% in 2009, with total pulmonary tuberculosis reaching 14,140 million litres, at a retail value of 13.224 one million million (Mintel, 2010). The British Soft Drinks Assocaition (2010) stated that it was encouraging to see that the soft drinks market was holding up during the economic downturn. According to M intel (2010), for the second year running, Coca-cola topped interbrands best global brands table, placing it above its competitors in the soft drink industry. The coca-cola company has continued to focus on expanding its line of products through with(predicate) taking tactical places in niche soft drinks producers, by purch asing a stake in UK smoothie producer, Innocent Drinks (Euromonitor, 2010).1.3 The recession in United KingdomRecessions occur during the down or occupyion phase of the business cycle. The term business cycle refers to the familiar ups and downs of economic activity. (Pearce and Michael 2006). Furthermore, Pearce and Micheal (2006) opined that recessions cause world-shattering declines in resources available to the firm because customers spend less, lenders lend less, and competitive disceptation increases. Initially, the behaviour of consumers transplants during recessions. They have less money to spend and cut linchpin personal spending in response to the overall decline in economic activity. Industrial and business customers whitethorn become disloyal, demand renegotiated contract terms, and falsify purchase patterns. as well by Pride and Ferrell (1995), recession is a stage in the business cycle during which unemployment rises and total buying index number declines, stif ling both consumers and business statess propensity to spend.The UK economy was growing speedy than the average for the Euro zone throughout al intimately of this decade. However, an abrupt slowdown began in 2008 and the economy entered a recession in the third quarter. According to Euromonitor (2010), real gross domestic profit fell by 4.9% in 2009, reservation this the UKs longest post-war recession. The UK has been harder hit than many countries because of its large financial sector. The fiscal postal service has deteriorated over the past several years. The deficit was pushed even higher as a essence of the bailout of large banks. The number of unemployed withal roseate by 50% during the recession with 800,000 jobs being lost (Euromonitor, 2010). The recession guide to business closures, job losses and a lack of employment opportunities in the UK (Athey, 2009). This first global recession in the sensitive era of globalization, started in the US, spread to Europe, and e ventually became global its the worst economic crisis since the great depression. (Stiglitz and Joseph, 2009).1.4 The Coca-Cola Company and the recessionTCCCs gross profit margin decreased to 64.2 percent in 2009 from 64.4 percent in 2008, primarily due to foreign currency fluctuations, untoward geographic ripple as a result of expansion in their up and coming markets, current focus to steer better fair initiatives across different major markets and uncomplimentary channel and marketing mix in some certain markets. (Coca-Cola, 2010).Even though there was a slight decrease (0.2%) in their profit margin comp ard to the previous year, TCCC arguably per miscellaneaed well despite the economic downturn.The unit case volume in TCCC is one of the measures of the fundamental strength of the company because it processs to measure progress at their consumer level. In Europe, the gross revenue volume of year stop 2009 versus year ended 2008 shows that the unit case volume in Europe decrea sed 1 percent, ca utilize mainly by the ongoing hard macroeconomic situations in most part of Europe. These hard macroeconomic conditions determined major markets and caused a decline in the unit case volume of 8 percent in due south and Eastern Europe, 4 percent in Iberia and 2 percent in Germany. The volume declines in these markets were partially made up for by 6 percent unit case volume growth in France and 4 percent growth in Great Britain.(Coca-cola, 2010).Table 1.1- Financial result of The Coca-Cola CompanyYear Ended December 31, 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005(In millions except per share data) analysis OF OPERATIONSNet operating revenues $ 30,990 $ 31,944 $ 28,857 $ 24,088 $ 23,104Net income attributable to shareholders 6,824 5,807 5, 981 5, 080 5, 872GROSS benefit 19,902 20,570 18,451GROSS PROFIT MARGIN 64.2% 64.4% 63.9%PER SHARE DATABasic pay income $ 2.95 $ 2.51 $ 2.59 $ 2.16 $ 2.04Diluted net income 2.93 2.49 2.57 2.16 2.04Cash dividends 1.64 1.52 1.36 1.24 1.12BALANCE SHE ET DATA natural assets $ 48,671 $ 40,519 $ 43,269 $ 29,963 $ 29,427Long-term debt 5,059 2,781 3,277 1,314 1,1541.5 Scope of StudyThe interest of this study lies mainly with The Coca-cola Company, concentrate on Coca-cola Great Britain as the scope of study. This study likewise examines the level at which the recession affected the sales in coca-cola and the consumers attitude towards the purchase of coca-cola.CHAPTER TWO2.0 Key Consumer Behaviour AspectsAccording to British Soft Drinks Association, (2010), Consumers are loyal to the drinks they know and trust but remain open to innovative products and brand extensions which meet their ever-evolving needs. The industrys ability to provide the public with a wide range of enjoyable and affordable drinks give ensure it remains spirited despite the tough economic climate.Three key consumer aspects have been cautiously selected from Jiang (2010) as explained in the Consumer Behaviour Lectures the following aspect of the consumer beha viour may have influenced the continuous purchase of coca-cola products despite the economic downturn- the buying process, status formation and motivation.2.1 The Buying processA buying decision qualification process is the selection of an option from two or more election excerpts (Jiang, 2010). Coca-colas consumers kindle be explained in Consumer as a Problem problem solver (Habitual Decision Maker). A habitual decision maker makes choices that are characterised by an impulse made with little effort and without conscious control (Solomon et al, 2006). Coca-colas brands are low involvement products and so require little information assay. almost decisions made by deal who consume coca-cola are with little or no conscious effort. Coca-cola consumers purchase Coke for example found on a habit that has been formed over time.Also the Evaluation of alternatives can be used to explain the brands resistance to the recession, much of the consumers effort that goes into a purchase decision develops at the stage in which a choice must be made from the entranceible alternatives (Solomon et al, 2006). In many cases, there are a number of alternatives (such as water, soft drink or alcohol) a consumer could consider in satisfying a biogenic need, i.e. to seize thirst. A consumer that has formed a habit overtime to purchase viands Coke for example will always have in principal a diet black eye whenever hes thirsty. Branding can as well as be an influence on the evaluation of alternatives. In a survey of world(prenominal) Brands, Inter Brand and Business Week identified the significance for companies to compose communities around their products and services, which gives the customers the opportunity to feel as if they own the brand (Solomon et al, 2006). Fill (2009) in like manner supported that as a brand becomes established with a buyer, so the psychological benefits of ownership are preferred to competing offerings, and a form of relationship emerges C oke is not only seen as a drink by its consumers, but seen in the light of its heritage and relationship with them( Payne,2007). Brands also create impressions and strong livelinesss so much that when people see the bump bottle with its red label, and the content, people suddenly feel thirsty and the need to have a drink (Riesenbeck and Perrey, 2007) According to Mintel, (2010), the Interbrand ranked Coca-cola as the number one global brand in the year 2009 and 2010 respectively. Brands can influence a consumers choice in a decision do process, in a study conducted, 51percent of consumers preferred Pepsi over Coke , while in an open test, only 23percent preferred Pepsi over coke(Jenkinson, 1995). In my opinion, Coca-cola consumers have authentic a relationship with the brand, which makes them to choose coca-colas brands amongst all other alternatives even in a recession. The economic downturn did not affect consumers choices, habits did not change despite the recession coca-cola consumers did not change their product preferences because a habit has been formed over time.Table 2.1 Buying Decision making processEvaluationsAfter purchase behaviour/feelingInvolvementInformation searchNeed recognitionNeedPurchaseDecisionIdentity AlternativesSource- (Jiang, 2010)2.2 perspective Formation and change post is a persons learned predisposition, tendency to act to an object in a consistently favourable or unfavourable way (Allport, 1935) as cited by (Jiang, 2010). An attitude formed, lasts over a current of time, an attitude towards what a person eats or drink or developing an attitude towards different brands (such as drinking diet Coke rather than drinking diet Pepsi) or also having an attitude towards a general consumption pattern(such as eating twice to eating once in a day) (Solomon et al, 2006).The Utilitarian Function which is related to the basic principles of compensate and punishment will be used to explain why TCCC was not entirely affected by recessi on. Attitudes are formed establish on the presumed product qualities (either pleasure or pain) (Solomon et al, 2006). Attitudes influence a consumers decision making and the goal of a marketer is always to create a peremptory attitude towards a product or change existing attitudes (Fill, 2009).In a recent research conducted by TCCC to evaluate consumers attitudes towards its brands, it revealed that coca-cola is the brand most associated with happiness (Coca-cola, 2010). The result of the survey revealed that over a half of the people that participated in the research said its the taste that makes them smile others said share-out a bottle of coca-cola with family and friends can provide an opportunity to spend time together (Coca-cola, 2010). Coca-cola consumers have developed an attitude overtime, so the recession would not change their product preference but might just alter their consumption pattern (such as cut the intake of one trinity bottles per day to two bottles per day) . The theme of the TCCC also stresses straight forward benefits (Coca-cola.Open Happiness). TCCC develops strategies to soak their consumers lifestyle to pass a sum. In order to promote Coca-Cola Zero (one of Coca-Colas brands),TCCC partnered with the Twentieth Century Fox and director James Camerons for his epic-adventure and blockbuster flash Avatar. This promotional strategy helped to form an attitude towards Coca-Cola Zero and raise its cognizance. They also use promotional activities and sponsorship of events such as the Olympic Torch relay in 11 countries, and the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games(Coca-Cola 2010) and alsoAttitudes towards coca-cola could also be formed by the yearly coca-cola adverts, as supported by Pearce and Micheal (2006) aggressive marketing campaigns may be more effective during recessions, as competitors feeling the pinch might attempt to forestall losses by reducing their advertising. During the recession, TCCC, engaged in massive paid advertis ing to reinforce their brands in the minds of the consumers. Also towards the end of each year, coca-cola does an advert, using the Christmas theme to convey its message to its viewers. The viewers feelings about the context in which an advertisement appears can also influence brand attitudes (Solomon et al, 2006). Liking this Christmas themed adverts would naturally link us to Attitude Formation (three hierarchies of effects), Affect, Behaviour and Beliefs. Affect (like the brand), behaviour (buy the brand), belief (feel satisfied with the brand) or belief (create awareness of the brand), behaviour (buy the brand), affect (like the brand) or belief (create awareness of the brand), affect (like the brand), behaviour (buy the brand).Attitude formed over time influences a consumers purchase behaviour, in spite of the recession, it can be argued that the attitude of the coca-colas consumers did not change, and there was a continual process in consumers purchase pattern. Coca-cola was n ot so affected by the recession because of the consumers attitudes towards their productsTable 2.2 Three Hierarchies of personal effectsAttitudes based on cognitive information processingAffectAttitudes based on behavioural learning processesBehaviourBehaviourBehaviourBeliefsvvvBeliefsvvvBeliefsvvvAttitudes based on hedonic consumptionAffectAffectSource- (Jiang, 2010)2.3 MotivationMotivation is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action, this driving force is produced by a state of tension which exists as the result of an unfilled need (Jaing 2010). either action is done for a reason. Motivation refers to the process that cause people to behave as they do, motivation occurs when a need (Utilitarian-consumers practical benefits or Hedonic-consumers emotional benefits) is aroused that the consumers wishes to satisfy. The desired end- state is the consumers goal. The degree of arousal is called a drive (Solomon et al, 2006). The purpose of purchasing a drink woul d be to satisfy a biogenic need, i.e. to conquer thirst. For a consumer to now choose a diet coke because hes thirsty is called psychogenic. Coca-cola motivates its consumers through its themed message (Open Happiness), and this can be explained in the hedonic needs (Consumers emotional benefits) The survey TCCC conducted for their consumers shows that the taste of coca-cola makes them golden. What motivates a consumer might be different compared to the other consumer. A regular coke consumer willing to reduce his sugar consumption will be happy to switch to coke zero which has no sugar and less calories. Also viewing it from the Consumer involvement angle, TCCC also motivates its consumers by connecting with millions of them every day through their brands Facebook pages, Twitter and influential blogs, creating a dialogue that allows TCCC to build their brand assets and fortify their consumer relationships. Solomon, (2006) defines involvement as a persons perceived relevance of th e object based on his/her inherent needs, values, and interests. Through this Fans page on facebook, consumers can access their advertisements, Coca-Cola applications and downloads, and get live updates from the Company. Also TCCC involves their consumers through the Coca-Cola Freestyle, this makes the consumers beverage innovators by bighearted them choices and variety to make more than 100 different branded beverages at the touch of a button, this provides fun, and a relationship that connects the company with its consumers. (Coca-cola, 2010). TCCC motivates their consumers by associating with things that will be of interest to the consumers, for example on their website is a calculator used for checking amount of calories and quantity of drinks consumed every week so as to help consumers monitor their calorie intake in having a healthy diet and lifestyle. This can help motivate a consumer to purchase TCCCs product because they have shown the consumer the consumer that in as much as they want to make profit, they also care about them and their health. The recession did not really affect TCCCs sales because of the motivation TCCC tries to create and the relationship they have been able to build overtime with their consumers.CONCLUSION3.1 ConclusionUnderstanding consumers behaviour is key to having a successful company marketers need to deepen their research on their consumers because the consumers are bonny aware of the important role they play in their consumption pattern. Competitors are always also looking for tactics to grow and influence new consumers, and any organisation that does not meet up with consumers expectations would be losing a consumer. Companies should look for ways to retain their current customers and also focus on getting new ones attracting new customers should be a priority in a recession (Pearce and Michael 2006). Organisations should actively engage their customers more than before.

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” Essay

Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote an argumentative persuasive essay, the Letter from Birmingham Jail on April 16, 1963. King had written this letter to care and respond to the criticism make by the white clergymen. The letter was an begin to end racism and crime in a non-violent manner. The non-violent movement was organized by King and his pro- fatal governance called The Southern Christian Leadership Conference. King and his pro-black validation classify presented the essay to argue non-violent actions against the racial inconsistency and hatred among the black association residing in Birmingham. The letter was also aimed towards the liberty and equality to non respectable the black community but also to the white community, to the social, spectral and semipolitical community. King wanted to address the stress of all(prenominal)one having freedom and equality. Kings main thesis in writing the Birmingham Letter is that racial discrimination and hatred to the black commun ity is due to the optimism of the white community. I find out with his main points that King had presented in the essay. Everyone should have equal rights in every(prenominal) criteria including socially, politically, and religiously. This is what King wanted for everyone. He wanted to peacefully bring every race and gender together as one society non multiple societies like how it was. King argued the freedom and equality for everyone in the united States and that there shouldnt be a reason to prejudice to each(prenominal) other. King supported his points throughout his essay by using logos. watchword is the use of occurrences, statistics and studies to show others why and how your point is correct. He researched his opinions and accumulated facts to adjudicate his opinions and thoughts. In the l... ...n you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws just and unjust. He makes the readers think that he kno ws what he is talking about and shows determination. King had written this letter to address and respond to the criticism made by the white clergymen. The letter was an approach to end racism and hatred in a non-violent manner. King and his pro-black organization group presented the essay to argue non-violent actions against the racial discrimination and hatred among the black community residing in Birmingham. The letter was also aimed towards the freedom and equality to not just the black community but also to the white community, to the social, religious and political community. King wanted to stand up for his thoughts and ideas that everyone should have freedom and equality.

The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Atomic scheme     The five atomic possibilitys of the past two centuries represent the sudden forwarding of science in modern times. Begining with a basic surmisal on thebehavior of atoms to the current model, some changes receive been made, andsome ideas are remedy the aforementioned(prenominal). Ancient Greek philosophers belived thateverything was made up of invisible particles called atmos. Since then thetheory of atoms did not progress untill 1803.     John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter basedon atoms. Daltons atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated     "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisable andindestructable particles.     2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike in particular, theyhave the same mass.     3. Atoms of different elements are different in particular, they havedif ferent masses.     4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or moreelements." 1     All of Daltons ideas account for the laws of definate and multipleproportions and the law of preservation of mass. Some of Daltons points arestill thought to be true, but everyplace time this origional theory has been modifyed. The first of these modifications came in 1897 when J.J. Thomson discoveredthe electron. Based on the work of William Crookes and his "Crookes tube"(Cathode-ray tube), Thomson discovered a controvert charged particle was thecause of the light produced by the cathode-ray tube. He in any case discovered thatthese particles are present in all elements. These cathode-ray particles are outright known as electrons. Soon after the discovery of electrons the protonwas discovered. This led Thomson to give over that ther were an equalnumber of both particles present in the atom.     Twelve years la ter Lord Ernest Rutherford was experimenting with of import particles. He shot a germinate of them at a peice of gold foil surroundedby zinc-sulfide. When an alpha particle strikes ZnS it produces a flash oflight. The particles mostly stayed in a unvaried stream through the foil, but afew were deflected. This led Rutherford to belive that on that point must be a small,dense cluster of protons in the center of the atoms to deflect the smallnumber of particles.      Neils Bohr was the next physicist to advance the atomic theory. Heexplained what Rutherford could not about how the electron could stay inorbit more or less the nucleus. When the electron has little energy it is closer to thenucleus, when it absorbs more energy it travels farther from the nucleus. There is a definate number of electrons that can be in the same orbit. Whenthe orbits closest to the nucleus are filled the atom is at a ground state.

anorexia :: essays research papers

We all know that action is the key to success, and we always settle to be the very best. hardly in a world that forget try to knock you down you must have the strength to delay the final round. Growing up today you have to be keen because its hard to tell the truth when its covered by the lies. The world flowerpot be cruel and the world can be kind, but you had wagerer step up or youll be left behind. This is some of a poem that one of my friends from my support group had shared on the depression day. however I shouldnt get to far ahead of myself, my name is Ender Olson, and I suffer from a very serious disorder, it is called anorexia. Some may word that anorexia is not that serious, but it changed my life, and many others.It started around when I was 13, I had neer really had to worry ab step up my weight, I had a fast digestive system, and I never seemed to gain weight. But when I hit pubescence things seemed to change. My body was growing, and I started to put on weig ht, but this didnt bother me at all, and why should it have. But it started to in the summer of 1996, it was at summer camp, we had swimming, and it was mandatory. But unlike most of the kids I had no problem with this, I was a strong swimmer and enjoyed it allot. I got to my swim class and sat down. It was a very warm day, a day that I would remember for a long time. Well we all sat on the dock list to them give instructions on what to do and stuff like that. But I was hot, so I took off my shirt, first mistake. The girls sitting crossways from me stared at me and were whispering to each other, but I had no composition what they were saying. So I did the class but as I got out of the water I was behind the two girls. They were laughing, the first one utter "Did you see that guy, he had bigger boobs then you did."So I assumed they were talking about me. The signs all pointed that way, and that was the first time a person ever called me fat, and I was assured to make it my last.

Buddhism Essay -- Papers Religion Buddha Essays Papers

Buddhism is one of the biggest religions founded in India in the 6th and 5th century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, also know as the Buddha. As one of the giganticest Asian religion, it teaches the practice and the reflexion of moral perceptions. Buddhism begins with a man. In his later years, when India was afire with his message, people came to him petition what he was. Not Who ar you? but What are you? Are you divinity fudge? they asked. No. An angel? No. A saint? No. Then, what are you? Buddha answered, I am awake. His answer became his title, for this is what Buddha heart. The Sanskrit root budh means to awake and to know. while the rest of humankindity was dreaming the dream we call the waking human state, one of their number roused himself. Buddhism begins with a man who woke up. Buddha was born a prince named Siddhartha Gautama in a small kingdom in what is now Nepal. Siddhartas deliver is described as a miraculous event, his birth being the allow of his mothers impregnation by a sacred white elephant that touched her left hand side with a lotus flower. The scriptures claim that when Gautama was born immeasurable silly spread through ten thousand worlds the blind recovering their sight, as if from desire to see his glory (Evans 141) Shortly after his birth, his father consulted with a number of astrologers, all of whom declared that the newborn prince would become a great king and that he would rule the world in truth and righteousness. Among these astrologers, on that point was one who declared that if the prince were to see a sick person, an old person, a corpse, and a world-renouncing ascetic, he w... ...he corporal world and ones perceptions of it as a means towards enlightenment. All activities, including sex, can be used as a thoughtful technique. This was called Vajrayana, or The Vehicle of the Thunder-Bolt. The Vajrayanans believed that each bodhisat tva had consorts or wives, called taras These female counterparts embodied the energetic aspects of the bodhisattva, and so were worshipped. One learned the teachings of Tantrism from a master, and then one linked a group of others who had been trained. There one would practice the rituals learned from the master. For the Tantrists, the physical world was identical with the Void and human perception was identical with Nirvana. Buddhism, however, was late fading off of the Indian landscape Tantrism came on the scene only when as Buddhism began to slowly lose its vitality.

The One and Future King :: Once and Future King Essays

The nonpareil and Future King   In The One and Future King by T.H. White the main character, Arthur, learns many historic lessons. He is taught many of these lessons by animals. For instance, he learns that might is right (White 47) from a fish (which turns out to be false), that ants live dictated lives devoted to strugglefare (121), that owls only kill another animal if they are starving (69), and a badger teaches him the story of mans creation (168). One of the most important lessons Arthur learns is from a goose, who tells him of a perfect society.   When Merlyn turns wart (Arthurs nickname) into a goose, another goose named Lyok Lyok teaches him nearly the lives of geese. Wart migrates with the geese and talks to them. He finds out that geese are very passive animals they do not fight with each other, they share any sustenance that they acquire, and each bird only has one nest (172).   This greatly affects Wart because it is so different from hu mans. He still thinks that he likes war, but thence begins to notice how many bad effects war has. Wart starts to point his initial gut-feeling that war is right and necessary. This also allows Arthur to have a more than open mind towards other animals lifestyles.   This lesson is also important to me, the reader, because it makes me feel that war is not necessary. If other animals have the ability to live peacefully, so should humans. It enforces the conceit that people should be kind to one another. It also opens the eyes of readers by letting them get to know the lifestyle habits of other animals and causing them to be accepting.

Great Gatsby :: Free Essay Writer

Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, produce by Charles Scribners Sons, and copyrighted in 1925. The book takes place largely in a low-pitched townspeople near New York cognise as West Egg during the 1920s. One of the main characters of the novel is the fabricator of the book, scratch Carraway. He relates the events of many summers that affected him deeply. He has a bent-grass for telling the truth, at least according to him, and he comes from a petty mid-western town seeking employment as a bond trader. His side by side(p) door neighbor, Jay Gatsby, is the main character of the novel. He throws magnificent parties during the beginning of the summer, moreover stops throwing the parties after he realizes that they dont impress Daisy Buchanan (originally Fay), the earthshaking other(a) that he seeks. Gatsby does not show many redeeming qualities, and his caller guests enjoy spreading rumors about the finer points of Gatsbys life. The aforementi o ne and only(a)d Daisy Buchanan, slits second cousin once removed, is married to turkey cock Buchanan, one of Nicks friends from the Midwest trying to find success in the East. turkey cock and Daisy are not precise faithful towards each other, as Tom has a mistress and Daisy gets quite well acquainted with Gatsby. Toms mistress is the wife of George Wilson, Myrtle Wilson. George is the proprietor of a small garage near West and East Egg, and he is not very observant, but he is very devoted to his wife. Myrtle cheats on her preserve with Tom, and only hides this from her husband, who would have to be bluntly told to figure the problem out. Jordan bread maker is a friend of Daisy, Tom, Nick, and Gatsby, and at the end of the novel she marries an unknow character. She and Tom are attracted towards each other, but become disenchanted with each other after Gatsbys death. The story begins as Nick Carraway gives a brief description of himself and his current situation. He is reflectin g upon events of summers of the 1920s, which occur on the East Coast. Nick went to the East to escape the Midwest and to hopefully find a better, fleet paced life. He settled in community near New York known as West Egg. It is mainly a quiet little town with a neighbor across a lake of East Egg. When Nick arrived at his home, he had only heard about his neighbor for a peer of weeks.

Guilt, Suffering, Confession and Redemption in Crime and Punishment Ess

Guilt, Suffering, Confession and Redemption in Crime and Punishment You keep manu occurrenceuring screamed Raskolnikov, no longer able to restrain himself. Youre lying, you damned clown And he flung himself on Porfiry, who retired to the doorway, but without a trace of panic. I understand everything, everything He approached Porfiry. Youre lying and taunting me so Ill give myself outside(a)- You cant give yourself away any more than you have already, Rodion Romanovich, old man. Why, youve gone into a state. Dont shout, Ill announce my men, sir (Dostoyevsky, 34) No humane person with any values is able to commit a heinous crime without some feeling of guilt or remorse afterwards. Slowly, this guilt festers and eats away at ones conscience until the run of escape, reached by confession, thus leading to salvation. Throughout Dostoyevskys Crime and. Punishment the chief(prenominal) character, Raskolnikov is stricken with guilt and suffering that eventually lead to his confession and redemption motivated by many forces. Crime and Punishment is the story of a young intellect, Raskolnikov, who develops a dose theory. In his hypothesis, he matte up that certain men were extraordinary and could commit unethical acts without punishment or a guilty conscience. In his case, he wanted to rid the mankind of a parasite through the vicious slaying of an old pawnbroker, Alyona, and her sister, Lizaveta, in order to gain money so that he could continue his studies and to tick if he was truly extraordinary. Was he truly the Napoleon that he ideal he was? Could he walk over people with no get a line for their feelings or sufferings as Napoleon had? (Literary Criticism, 68) He is obviously no superman or Napoleon, but didnt get enough fre... ...ut its overwhelming power and the fact that it made such a painful impression on readers that those with well-set nerves fell ill and those with weak nerves had to give up reading it. (Kjetsaa, 183) Works Cited Bloom, Har old. Modern Critical Interpretations. New York, New York Chelsea business firm Publishers, 1988. Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York, New York New American Library, Inc., 1968. Gale Research Co. 19th Century Literature Criticism. Detroit, MI 1984, Vol. 7. Kjetsaa, Geir. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, A Writers Life. New York, New York Viking Penguin Inc., 1987, Magill, Frank. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Salem Press, 1976. Terras, Victor. Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1985. Timoney, John. Speech on Crime and Punishment. Mt. Holyoke College, November 10, 1994.

The First Crusades Essay -- Religious History

The principals of human temper force people to fight for what they believe in therefore, defending faith is not objective to that principle in the shield of the adjures. In the case of the First Crrusade many an(prenominal) people did just that, volunteered knowing that many of them would give away defending their religious beliefs. In the days of the Byzantine Empire, a persons faith or religion determined how they would live their life. It is the record of people to fight for what they believe in therefore, defending ones religion is not objective to that principle as in the First Crusade. A crusade is characterized as any of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers in the 11th, 12th, and thirteenth centuries to win the Holy Land from Muslims. The First Crusade played a vital role in Late Antiquity (Middle Ages) Europe consequently, position the stage for future events in European history and the preface for the Crusades to follow. The condition for the ini tiation of the First Crusade, how it was fought and who were involved, notable battles and generals, and how upon its finale it reshaped the Byzantine Empire.The conquest to give chase war against Sejul Turks, who were Sunni Muslims, began when Crusaders realized the Jerusalem had not been under Christian ascertain in 461 years. This was shocking because Christianity has spread throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East in Late Antiquity. After Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076, any Christian who precious to pay a visit to the city of Jerusalem faced many obstacles because Muslim soldiers do it truly dangerous for them to do so. Jerusalem is very important to Christians because it has lots of biblical references. In Europe the Pope on with the Papacy has assumed the power of utili... ...rs rightfully thought belonged to them. For this reason the competitiveness of the First Crusade can be viewed as the war that started altogether Christian Religious wars or Crusaders t hat followed. It ended as a age changing journey that changed the Byzantine Empire and the reasons wars were fought. The First Crusade made it possible to start wars with anyone for their religion throughout Europe across the Mediterranean to Asia, on to Africa, and other surrounding areas. The advances of the Crusaders can be seen as admirable and condoned in the eyes of God, who was the only entity that Crusaders deemed worth possessing the power to judge them. full treatment Citedhttp//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers/htmhttp//www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/magdalino.htmhttp//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cru2.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade

Ritalin is Like Cocaine :: Drugs Addiction Essays

What is methylphenidate?methylphenidate, or methylphenidate, is a stimulus derived from the same family as cocaine. Manufactured by the Ciba-Geigy Corporation, a division of Novartis, Ritalin gross revenue suck up increased by 700% since 1990. The United States market accounts for over 90% of the sales (Breggin, 1998). Ritalin is dispersed in pill blueprint in vary amounts, either for short or long effects the short-term form lasts 3-5 hours while the long-term form whitethorn last 6-8 hours. (SR) Ritalin is the muted release form that lasts longer. Ritalin, like other stimulant medications, works by increasing the production of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. (Reif, 1998) Who uses Ritalin?Doctors generally prescribe Ritalin as their first choice in treating attention deficit disorder, or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. Approximately 3-5% of children in the founding have ADHD, of those, about 4 million take Ritalin (Breggin, 1998). It is notion that ADHD may occur from low levels of dopamine and epinephrine in the brain although that is a highly controversial topic, it makes Ritalin an obvious treatment.(http//www.restores_homepage.com/the_ritalin_generation.htm) What is ADHD?Many psychologists regard ADHD as a state deficit, where children atomic number 18 highly aroused to compensate for the bodys feeling of nether arousal. (Kerns, Eso, Thomson, 1999) Three main features of ADHD are 1.Impulsivity, the children often act in front they consider consequences 2.Hyperactivity, the children struggle to sit still 3.Inattentiveness, the children have difficulty focal point on a subject be puzzle of the overload of stimuli in the environment. Research may indicate that ADHD has biological origins and set symptoms, such as fidgeting, unreasonable talking, difficulty maintaining concentration, impulsive behavior, lack of focus and messiness. (http//www.mnsi.net/collinsw/ritalin.htm) According to the Center for th e analyse of Psychiatry and Psychology, in a recent conference held by the NIMH, internal Institute of Mental Health, the validity of the diagnosis of ADHD was held in question. (www.breggin.com) The cause of ADHD is unknown as of yet, and speculation is all psychologists have to distinguish and treat patients. The DSM-IV has categorized ADHD by the three dimensions listed above and include 18 symptoms under the three categories, which include some listed above. ADHD has undergone substantive renaming and evaluation since the last publication of the Diagnostic Statistic Manual. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity, was referred to as ADD or sometimes ADD-H, Attention Deficit Disorder with hyperactivity. (www.journals.cup.org) Who Advocates Ritalin?Teachers, parents and doctors continue to advocate Ritalin despite the claims made by antagonists of the stimulant treatment.

Intervention In Congo :: essays research papers

The Democratic nation of congou has a population of 58,317,930 citizens (CIA-The World Fact book). Out of the 58,317,930 citizens 3.8 million of them remove died through starvation, disease, and shining (UNICEF). The death toll of congo has been labeled genocide. The contend in Congo drew in the armies of five other African nations. Neighboring Rwanda, Uganda, and allied Congolese rebel groups held control of the east and northeast. The disposal held the west. The problems of Congo lay in the United Nations hands. The UN peacekeeping force necessitate the help of other countries. France has prep ared the way for 1,000 French troops that would cut a United Nations force to halt the violent conflict in the region (Talbot). Prime Minister Tony Blair of Great Britain has thought of the possibility of send troops to Congo (Talbot). One question the world asks is where the United States in this situation is. Does the United States have the responsibility to help Congo? The UN canno t go for violence alone with the help of France. The Democrats and Republicans remember the war in Iraq has traverse out the possibility of intervention in Congo. Human-right groups believe the U.S. should send a small portion of troops to help. Helping Iraq have freedom is important, solely Congo is in worse condition. If you look at the conditions in Iraq and the conditions in Congo, you will see that many more people have been wooly-minded and still will be lost in years to come. The citizens of Congo cannot afford to lose any more hospitals or schools. Lives motive to be spared. Aside from the killing in Congo, women are abused and rapped. I believe the United States should intervene we can no longstanding watch as poor women and children suffer in their own homes. We can no longer sit around as 15 and 16-year-old boys are drafted away from their parents and family to fight (CIA-The World Fact book). Rwanda and Uganda that have substantial military power are helping and ris king their own citizens lives. France a much closed-minded boorish has even recognized the major massacre going on in Congo. It is clearly understandable that the war in Iraq has taken a spectacular toll on America but, the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo has taken much larger toll on Africa and we need to lower the stress for them.

House of Spirits Essays -- essays research papers

In her famous The House of the Spirits, Isabel Allende documents the feel of some(prenominal) characters during the Chilean reality in the 1930s. Her nonorious feminist ideology is, at times, extremely obvious. Elements such as the clash of social septes and the social, political and frugal conditions of Chile during this period of high turmoil atomic number 18 also healthy portrayed. Isabel Allende achieves to give us a good image of what life in Chile was like during those years. Some particular characters speci anyy exemplify all of these elements very clearly.Allendes character Esteban Trueba has a very intricate life. done his triumphs and defeats and through the different places of this novel, Allende portrays several elements that clearly exemplify historical, political and scotch events in Chile. Estebans life is that of the low class in Chile. He usually longs for power and money to make good things happen. After leaving, his pose and sister, and generateing a ne w and independent life, Estebans ideology changes dramatically. For the introductory time he directly experiments success and wealth. He feels as if he has no problems, mainly because he does not feed a family to push him down. Truebas move to Three Marias seems to appease his hunger temporarily, before his monstrous, demanding, and ever ontogeny needs overwhelms him. The type of lifestyle achieved by Esteban Trueba in Three Marias outlying(prenominal) surpassed that of living with his m otherwise and sister, however only brief moments of satisfaction are incurred. These, previously mentioned, moments created a hunger for perfection and greed that would continue continue at any cost. Only when Trueba receives a letter from Ferula does he call in his life with her and his mother, which crusades him to endure his memories of poverty and pain. He even remembers the smell of medicine, which had encompassed their home. These memories force Esteban to reflect on the reasons and id eas that made him leave his origins. He reminisces on that destiny of his life, occupied by the deterioration of his family. Estebans case represents that of the oppressed, poor class that is constantly struggling to survive. This struggle for survival becomes so pressing that they start thinking how, if they got the chance, could make things better. They usually fight a lot, but finally, when they pass off the position of helping, power becomes their obsession... ...rayal of Nivea and her funeral is in direct contrast with that of Nana and Ferula. Nana is said to have "...been born to cradle other peoples children, wear their hand-me-down clothing, eat their left over(p) overs, live on borrowed happiness and grief, grow old beneath other peoples roofs die one day in her miserable little way of life in the far courtyard in a bed that did not belong to her, and be buried in a common scratch up in a public cemetery."(P 57) The fact that "None of the many children she had brocaded with so much love attended her funeral."(P 178) Allende reflects sadly on the women who meekly accept their defined role in society of the time. Ferula is portrayed similarly. Ferula "...had sacrificed her life to care for the mother, and that she had become a spinster for that reason. Ferula had turned down twain suitors on the pretext of her mothers illness"(P 178) When Esteban forces her to leave she is not seen in person until her death when she is found "Festooned like an Austrian queen..." "She was magnificent in her queenly desolation, and on her face was an expression of sweetness and serenity she never had in her grievous life."

Global Warming Endangers the Lives of Grizzly Bears :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Global Warming Endangers the Lives of Grizzly Bears There are slight then 1000 gray-haired bears left in the lower 48 United States, around 400 of them live in Yellowstone National Park. These endangered, and beauteous bears, are threatened by many factors, most significantly the atomization of their habitat by roads. The latest threat to this species is the Global Warming course that is threatening the unclouded Bark Pine tree, which is very important to the grizzly bear diet.Grizzly bears need to eat a great spot of fat in the fall in order to prepare for hibernation. egg-producing(prenominal) grizzlies who dont get enough fat may develop fertility problems. ovalbumin Bark Pine trees produce pine nuts that are considered to be the grizzly bears favorite food and provide up to 40% of the fat they need.Global Warming threatens the gaberdine Bark Pine in both ways. First it reduces the area in which the trees can puzzle. They depend on a cool, alpine habitat, so as the c limate warms they are forced to grow higher on the mountains. Since mountains are conical the higher they go, the less piazza there is for them to grow.Second, the warming climate creates fog banks in which European flog Rust thrives. European Blister Rust is a plant distemper that was accidentally introduced into the Pacific Northwest in 1906. Blister Rust girdles the infected tree, eventually killing it. Since the introduction of this disease more than 98% of White Bark Pine stands in the northwest corroborate been destroyed.In upstart years Blister Rust has been noted getting close together(predicate) and closer to Yellowstone Park. White Bark Pine stands in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta and Blackfoot Reservation, Montana entertain suffered serious declines. Nearly 30% of the White Bark Pines in these areas have been killed and more than 70% of the remaining, living trees are infected. In the past 5 years Blister Rust has been seen in Gallatin National Forest, jus t southmost of Yellowstone, where Yellowstone grizzlies often forage for food.How does this threat to the White Bark Pine Tree also threaten Grizzly Bears? In two ways. First since the White Bark Pine Tree provides as much as 40% of the fat requirement of grizzlies, the loss of the White Bark Pine forthwith threatens the fertility of female grizzlies. With only 400 grizzlies living in an spaced pocket around Yellowstone Park, a threat to their fertility is a enceinte threat to their very existence.

Arizona Concrete :: essays research papers fc

genus Arizona concreteAccording to the Mine Faculty at the University of Arizona, cement is make primarily from suitable limestone and shale rocks. Arizona had twodry- physical process cement plants in 1969, namely the Arizona Portland Cement Companyplant in Pima County, near Tucson, and the American Cement Corporation plant atClarkdale, in Yavapai County (52-53).The use of cementing materials goes impale to the ancient Egyptians andRomans, but the invention of modern portland cement is usually attributed toJoseph Aspdin, a builder in Leeds, England, who obtained a patent for it in 1824.Currently, the annual conception production of portland cement is around 700 millionmetric tons (Danbury). umpteen people use the words concrete and cement inter diversenessably, buttheyre not. Concrete is to cement as a cake is to flour. Concrete is a florilegiumof ingredients that includes cement but contains other ingredients also (Day 6-7).Portland cement is produced by pulverizing clinker con sistingessentially of hydraulic atomic number 20 silicates along with some calcium aluminatesand calcium aluminoferrites and usually containing one or more forms of calciumsulfate (gypsum) as an interground addition. Materials used in the manufactureof portland cement must contain attach proportions of calcium oxide, silica,alumina, and iron oxide components. During manufacture, analyses of allmaterials are made frequently to tick a uniformly high quality cement.Selected afflictive materials are crushed, milled, and proportioned in such away that the resulting mixture has the desired chemical composition. The rawmaterials are generally a mixture of calcareous (calcium oxide) material, suchas limestone, chalk or shells, and an argillaceous (silica and alumina) materialsuch as clay, shale, or blast-furnace slag. Either a dry or a wet process isused. In the dry process, grinding and blending operations are through with drymaterials. In the wet process, the grinding and blending are do with thematerials in slurry form. In other respects, the dry and wet processes are actuallymuch alike.After blending, the ground raw material is fed into the velocity end of akiln. The raw mix passes through the kiln at a rate controlled by the slope androtational speed of the kiln. Burning fuel (powdered coal, oil, or gas) isforced into the lower end of the kiln where temperatures of 2600F to 3000Fchange the raw material chemically into cement clinker, grayish-black pelletsabout the size of 1/2-in.-diameter marbles.The clinker is cooled and then pulverized. During this operation a smallamount of gypsum is added to amaze the setting time of the cement. Theclinker is ground so fine that near all of it passes through a No.